import math import tkinter as tk from tkinter import messagebox BG = "#080e15" PANEL = "#111b26" DEEP = "#0b131c" EDGE = "#24374b" TXT = "#dce8f5" DIM = "#7e96ad" YEL = "#ffd54f" CYAN = "#2fd3ff" ORANGE = "#ff7a45" RED = "#ff4d4d" GREEN = "#57ff9f" METAL = "#42556a" BORE = "#04070a" PIST = "#e3ecf6" CX = 360.0 DECK = 148.0 GAP = 24.0 PIST_H = 66.0 ROD_L = 132.0 CRANK_R = 58.0 CRANK_Y = DECK + GAP + PIST_H / 2.0 + ROD_L + CRANK_R MAX_DEPTH = 30.0 VMIN = 1.0 / 9.0 VMAX = 1.0 + VMIN PHASE_FAULT = -70.0 STROKES = ("ВПУСК", "СЖАТИЕ", "РАБОЧИЙ ХОД", "ВЫПУСК") STROKE_COL = (CYAN, "#a8c0d8", ORANGE, "#c9903a") GW, GH = 712, 330 GX0, GX1, GY0, GY1 = 66.0, 700.0, 36.0, 258.0 PMAX = 70.0 def piston_offset(th): a = math.radians(th % 720.0) return ROD_L + CRANK_R - (CRANK_R * math.cos(a) + math.sqrt(ROD_L * ROD_L - (CRANK_R * math.sin(a)) ** 2)) def gx(th): return GX0 + (th / 720.0) * (GX1 - GX0) def gy(p): return GY1 - (min(max(p, 0.0), PMAX) / PMAX) * (GY1 - GY0) class EngineApp(tk.Tk): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.title("Четырёхтактный ДВС — интерактивная учебная модель") self.configure(bg=BG) self.geometry("1500x950") self.resizable(False, False) self.rpm = tk.DoubleVar(value=900.0) self.adv = tk.DoubleVar(value=25.0) self.ivo = tk.DoubleVar(value=10.0) self.ivc = tk.DoubleVar(value=45.0) self.evo = tk.DoubleVar(value=50.0) self.evc = tk.DoubleVar(value=10.0) self.fault = tk.BooleanVar(value=False) self.paused = tk.BooleanVar(value=False) self.theta = 0.0 self.damaged = False self.collided = False self.col_frames = 0 self.dirty = True self.err_shown = False self.border_state = None self.build() self.after(16, self.tick) def report_callback_exception(self, exc, val, tb): messagebox.showerror("Ошибка", f"{exc.__name__}: {val}") def build(self): tk.Label(self, text="ЧЕТЫРЁХТАКТНЫЙ ДВИГАТЕЛЬ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ", bg=BG, fg=YEL, font=("Segoe UI", 19, "bold")).pack(anchor="w", padx=16, pady=(10, 0)) tk.Label(self, text="учебный плакат-модель • такты, фазы газораспределения, опережение зажигания • визуальное замедление ×20", bg=BG, fg=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 10)).pack(anchor="w", padx=18, pady=(0, 6)) body = tk.Frame(self, bg=BG) body.pack(padx=16, pady=(0, 12)) self.canv = tk.Canvas(body, width=720, height=830, bg=DEEP, highlightthickness=2, highlightbackground=EDGE) self.canv.pack(side="left") side = tk.Frame(body, bg=BG, width=724, height=830) side.pack(side="left", padx=(16, 0)) side.pack_propagate(False) self.build_tools(side) self.build_sliders(side) self.build_graph(side) def build_tools(self, parent): bar = tk.Frame(parent, bg=BG) bar.pack(fill="x") self.btn_pause = tk.Button(bar, text="ПАУЗА ‖", command=self.toggle_pause, bg=YEL, fg="#04121a", activebackground="#ffffff", activeforeground="#04121a", bd=0, font=("Segoe UI", 11, "bold"), padx=16, pady=9, cursor="hand2") self.btn_pause.pack(side="left") tk.Button(bar, text="ШАГ ВПЕРЁД ▶", command=self.step_forward, bg=CYAN, fg="#04121a", activebackground="#ffffff", activeforeground="#04121a", bd=0, font=("Segoe UI", 11, "bold"), padx=16, pady=9, cursor="hand2").pack(side="left", padx=8) tk.Button(bar, text="СБРОС", command=self.reset, bg="#6d8199", fg="#04121a", activebackground="#ffffff", activeforeground="#04121a", bd=0, font=("Segoe UI", 11, "bold"), padx=16, pady=9, cursor="hand2").pack(side="left") tk.Checkbutton(bar, text="РЕЖИМ «НЕИСПРАВНОСТЬ»", variable=self.fault, command=self.on_fault, bg=PANEL, fg=RED, selectcolor=DEEP, activebackground=PANEL, activeforeground=RED, bd=0, highlightthickness=1, highlightbackground=EDGE, font=("Segoe UI", 10, "bold"), padx=10, pady=6).pack(side="left", padx=10) def build_sliders(self, parent): grid = tk.Frame(parent, bg=BG) grid.pack(fill="x", pady=8) grid.columnconfigure(0, weight=1) grid.columnconfigure(1, weight=1) self.make_slider(grid, "Обороты, об/мин", self.rpm, 300, 4000, 50, "{:.0f}", 0, 0) self.make_slider(grid, "Опережение зажигания, ° до ВМТ", self.adv, 0, 45, 1, "{:.0f}", 0, 1) self.make_slider(grid, "Впуск: открытие, ° до ВМТ", self.ivo, 0, 60, 1, "{:.0f}", 1, 0) self.make_slider(grid, "Впуск: закрытие, ° после НМТ", self.ivc, 10, 90, 1, "{:.0f}", 1, 1) self.make_slider(grid, "Выпуск: открытие, ° до НМТ", self.evo, 10, 90, 1, "{:.0f}", 2, 0) self.make_slider(grid, "Выпуск: закрытие, ° после ВМТ", self.evc, 0, 40, 1, "{:.0f}", 2, 1) def make_slider(self, parent, label, var, lo, hi, res, fmt, row, col): cell = tk.Frame(parent, bg=PANEL, highlightthickness=1, highlightbackground=EDGE) cell.grid(row=row, column=col, sticky="nsew", padx=5, pady=5) head = tk.Frame(cell, bg=PANEL) head.pack(fill="x", padx=10, pady=(6, 0)) tk.Label(head, text=label, bg=PANEL, fg=TXT, font=("Segoe UI", 10)).pack(side="left") vlab = tk.Label(head, text=fmt(float(var.get())), bg=PANEL, fg=YEL, font=("Consolas", 12, "bold")) vlab.pack(side="right") sc = tk.Scale(cell, from_=lo, to=hi, resolution=res, orient="horizontal", variable=var, showvalue=False, bg="#20303f", fg=TXT, troughcolor=DEEP, activebackground=CYAN, highlightthickness=0, bd=0, sliderrelief="raised", length=300, width=14, sliderlength=26, command=lambda v: self.on_slider(v, vlab, fmt)) sc.pack(fill="x", padx=10, pady=(2, 8)) return sc def on_slider(self, value, lab, fmt): try: lab.config(text=fmt(float(value))) except ValueError: lab.config(text=str(value)) self.dirty = True def build_graph(self, parent): f = tk.Frame(parent, bg=BG) f.pack(fill="x", pady=(6, 0)) tk.Label(f, text="ИНДИКАТОРНАЯ ДИАГРАММА — ДАВЛЕНИЕ В ЦИЛИНДРЕ", bg=BG, fg=YEL, font=("Segoe UI", 11, "bold")).pack(anchor="w") self.graph = tk.Canvas(f, width=GW, height=GH, bg=PANEL, highlightthickness=2, highlightbackground=EDGE) self.graph.pack(pady=(2, 0)) self.draw_graph_static() tk.Label(f, text="Оранжевая кривая — давление газов в цилиндре по углу поворота коленвала. " "Жёлтый пунктир — момент искры. При сбое фаз ГРМ наполнение цилиндра падает, " "кривая проседает, мощность снижается.", bg=BG, fg=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 9), justify="left", wraplength=712).pack(anchor="w", pady=(4, 0)) def draw_graph_static(self): g = self.graph g.delete("all") bands = ((0, 180, "#0d2633"), (180, 360, "#111d28"), (360, 540, "#2a1509"), (540, 720, "#1d1a10")) for a, b, col in bands: g.create_rectangle(gx(a), GY0, gx(b), GY1, fill=col, outline="") for p in range(0, 71, 10): y = gy(p) g.create_line(GX0, y, GX1, y, fill="#3d5570" if p == 0 else "#1d2c3b") g.create_text(GX0 - 8, y, text=str(p), anchor="e", fill=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 9)) for a in (0, 180, 360, 540, 720): g.create_line(gx(a), GY0, gx(a), GY1, fill="#2c3f52", dash=(3, 3)) names = (("ВПУСК", 0, 180), ("СЖАТИЕ", 180, 360), ("РАБОЧИЙ ХОД", 360, 540), ("ВЫПУСК", 540, 720)) for nm, a, b in names: g.create_text((gx(a) + gx(b)) / 2.0, GY1 + 20, text=nm, fill=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold")) g.create_text(GX0 - 46, (GY0 + GY1) / 2.0, text="бар", angle=90, fill=TXT, font=("Segoe UI", 10, "bold")) g.create_text((GX0 + GX1) / 2.0, GY1 + 46, text="угол поворота коленвала, град.", fill=TXT, font=("Segoe UI", 10)) def valve_lift(self, th, op, span): d = (th - op) % 720.0 if 0.0 <= d <= span and span > 0.0: return math.sin(math.pi * d / span) return 0.0 def s_rel(self, th): return piston_offset(th) / (2.0 * CRANK_R) def pressure(self, th, power): t = th % 720.0 v = VMIN + self.s_rel(t) pc = 0.9 * (VMAX / v) ** 1.32 ign = 360.0 - self.adv.get() if t < 180.0: return 0.92 - 0.06 * self.s_rel(t) if t < 540.0: if t >= ign: x = min(1.0, (t - ign) / 40.0) x = x * x * (3.0 - 2.0 * x) return pc * (1.0 + 3.0 * x * power) return pc p540 = 0.9 * (VMAX / (VMIN + self.s_rel(540.0))) ** 1.32 * (1.0 + 3.0 * power) return 1.15 + (p540 - 1.15) * math.exp(-(t - 540.0) / 16.0) def timings(self): shift = PHASE_FAULT if self.fault.get() else 0.0 iv_open = -self.ivo.get() + shift iv_span = 180.0 + self.ivc.get() + self.ivo.get() ev_open = 540.0 - self.evo.get() + shift ev_span = 180.0 + self.evc.get() + self.evo.get() return iv_open, iv_span, ev_open, ev_span def toggle_pause(self): self.paused.set(not self.paused.get()) self.btn_pause.config(text="ПУСК ▶" if self.paused.get() else "ПАУЗА ‖") def step_forward(self): self.paused.set(True) self.btn_pause.config(text="ПУСК ▶") self.theta = (self.theta + 15.0) % 720.0 def reset(self): self.theta = 0.0 self.damaged = False self.collided = False self.col_frames = 0 self.dirty = True def on_fault(self): self.damaged = False self.col_frames = 0 self.dirty = True def update_state(self): th = self.theta ptop = DECK + GAP + piston_offset(th) iv_open, iv_span, ev_open, ev_span = self.timings() li = self.valve_lift(th, iv_open, iv_span) le = self.valve_lift(th, ev_open, ev_span) hit = (DECK + 6.0 + li * MAX_DEPTH > ptop) or (DECK + 6.0 + le * MAX_DEPTH > ptop) if hit: self.collided = True self.col_frames = 240 if not self.damaged: self.damaged = True self.dirty = True else: self.collided = False if self.col_frames > 0: self.col_frames -= 1 elif self.damaged: self.damaged = False self.dirty = True want = RED if self.fault.get() else EDGE if want != self.border_state: self.border_state = want self.canv.config(highlightbackground=want) self.graph.config(highlightbackground=want) def recalc_trace(self): self.graph.delete("curve") power = 0.32 if self.damaged else 1.0 pts = [] for i in range(0, 721, 2): pts.append(gx(i)) pts.append(gy(self.pressure(i, power))) self.graph.create_line(*pts, fill=ORANGE, width=3, tags="curve", joinstyle="round") ign = 360.0 - self.adv.get() self.graph.create_line(gx(ign), GY0, gx(ign), GY1, fill=YEL, dash=(5, 4), width=2, tags="curve") self.graph.create_text(gx(ign), GY0 - 14, text=f"зажигание {self.adv.get():.0f}°", fill=YEL, font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold"), tags="curve") def draw_marker(self): self.graph.delete("mk") th = self.theta power = 0.32 if self.damaged else 1.0 p = self.pressure(th, power) x = gx(th) y = gy(p) self.graph.create_line(x, GY0, x, GY1, fill="#ffffff", width=1, dash=(2, 3), tags="mk") self.graph.create_oval(x - 6, y - 6, x + 6, y + 6, fill="#ffffff", outline=ORANGE, width=2, tags="mk") if x > GX1 - 90: self.graph.create_text(x - 9, y - 14, text=f"{p:.1f} бар", anchor="e", fill="#ffffff", font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold"), tags="mk") else: self.graph.create_text(x + 9, y - 14, text=f"{p:.1f} бар", anchor="w", fill="#ffffff", font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold"), tags="mk") def draw_valve(self, c, x, lv, col): dy = DECK + 6.0 + lv * MAX_DEPTH for i in range(4): yy = 74 + i * 9 c.create_line(x - 15, yy, x + 15, yy, fill="#6d8199", width=2) c.create_line(x, 62, x, dy - 10, fill="#8ea3b8", width=9, capstyle="round") c.create_polygon(x - 25, dy - 12, x + 25, dy - 12, x + 17, dy, x - 17, dy, fill=col, outline="#0a1018", width=2) def draw_engine(self): c = self.canv c.delete("all") th = self.theta s = piston_offset(th) ptop = DECK + GAP + s pin_y = ptop + PIST_H / 2.0 a = math.radians(th) cpx = CX + CRANK_R * math.sin(a) cpy = CRANK_Y - CRANK_R * math.cos(a) iv_open, iv_span, ev_open, ev_span = self.timings() li = self.valve_lift(th, iv_open, iv_span) le = self.valve_lift(th, ev_open, ev_span) ign = 360.0 - self.adv.get() c.create_rectangle(CX - 192, 326, CX + 192, 594, fill="#151e29", outline=EDGE, width=2) c.create_rectangle(CX - 80, DECK, CX + 80, 384, fill=BORE, outline="") c.create_rectangle(CX - 108, DECK, CX - 80, 384, fill=METAL, outline=EDGE) c.create_rectangle(CX + 80, DECK, CX + 108, 384, fill=METAL, outline=EDGE) c.create_rectangle(CX - 176, 56, CX + 176, DECK, fill=METAL, outline=EDGE, width=2) c.create_rectangle(CX - 176, 104, CX - 52, 134, fill="#0a121a", outline=EDGE) c.create_rectangle(CX + 52, 104, CX + 176, 134, fill="#0a121a", outline=EDGE) if ptop - 6 > DECK + 6: if th < 180.0: col, st = "#1e6f8c", "gray25" elif th < 360.0: col, st = "#2b5f80", "gray50" elif th < 540.0: col, st = "#ff6a1f", "gray50" else: col, st = "#6a6a6a", "gray25" c.create_rectangle(CX - 78, DECK + 6, CX + 78, ptop - 6, fill=col, stipple=st, outline="") if ign - 3 <= th <= ign + 8: c.create_oval(CX - 26, DECK - 20, CX + 26, DECK + 22, fill="#ffe066", outline="") for dx, dy in ((-40, -20), (40, -20), (-48, 4), (48, 4)): c.create_line(CX + dx * 0.6, DECK - 4 + dy * 0.6, CX + dx, DECK - 4 + dy, fill="#fff2a8", width=3, arrow="last") elif ign < th < ign + 90 and th < 540.0: c.create_oval(CX - 40, DECK - 8, CX + 40, DECK + 30, fill="#ff9d3a", stipple="gray50", outline="") if li > 0.06: c.create_line(CX - 170, 119, CX - 96, 119, arrow="last", fill=CYAN, width=3) if le > 0.06: c.create_line(CX + 96, 119, CX + 170, 119, arrow="last", fill=ORANGE, width=3) c.create_line(CX, pin_y, cpx, cpy, fill="#e0a93c", width=17, capstyle="round") cw_x = CX - 34 * math.sin(a) cw_y = CRANK_Y + 34 * math.cos(a) c.create_oval(cw_x - 30, cw_y - 30, cw_x + 30, cw_y + 30, fill="#38495c", outline=EDGE, width=2) c.create_oval(CX - 46, CRANK_Y - 46, CX + 46, CRANK_Y + 46, fill="#2b3949", outline=EDGE, width=2) c.create_line(CX, CRANK_Y, cpx, cpy, fill="#54697f", width=14) c.create_oval(CX - 12, CRANK_Y - 12, CX + 12, CRANK_Y + 12, fill="#6f859c", outline=EDGE) c.create_oval(cpx - 15, cpy - 15, cpx + 15, cpy + 15, fill="#c8b06a", outline="#0a1018", width=2) c.create_rectangle(CX - 78, ptop, CX + 78, ptop + PIST_H, fill=PIST, outline="#7f95aa", width=2) for i in range(3): yy = ptop + 9 + i * 7 c.create_line(CX - 78, yy, CX + 78, yy, fill="#7f95aa", width=2) c.create_oval(CX - 11, pin_y - 11, CX + 11, pin_y + 11, fill="#9fb3c8", outline="#5b7086", width=2) c.create_line(CX, 30, CX, 138, fill="#8ea3b8", width=11) c.create_rectangle(CX - 11, 40, CX + 11, 74, fill="#b9c8d8", outline=EDGE, width=2) c.create_line(CX - 8, 138, CX + 8, 138, fill="#d8e4f0", width=3) self.draw_valve(c, CX - 46, li, CYAN if li > 0.03 else "#3d6d80") self.draw_valve(c, CX + 46, le, ORANGE if le > 0.03 else "#7d4a37") c.create_text(CX - 72, 86, text="ВПУСК. КЛАПАН", anchor="e", fill=CYAN, font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold")) c.create_text(CX + 72, 86, text="ВЫПУСК. КЛАПАН", anchor="w", fill=ORANGE, font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold")) c.create_line(CX - 74, 94, CX - 56, 108, fill=CYAN, width=2) c.create_line(CX + 74, 94, CX + 56, 108, fill=ORANGE, width=2) c.create_text(CX, 16, text="СВЕЧА ЗАЖИГАНИЯ", fill=YEL, font=("Segoe UI", 10, "bold")) for yy, lab in ((DECK + GAP, "ВМТ"), (DECK + GAP + 2 * CRANK_R, "НМТ")): c.create_line(CX - 210, yy, CX - 114, yy, fill="#3d5570", dash=(4, 4)) c.create_text(CX - 214, yy, text=lab, anchor="e", fill=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold")) c.create_text(CX - 120, 300, text="ЦИЛИНДР (разрез)", anchor="e", fill=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold")) c.create_text(CX + 120, 216, text="ПОРШЕНЬ", anchor="w", fill=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold")) c.create_line(CX + 114, 216, CX + 82, 216, fill="#3d5570", dash=(3, 3)) c.create_text(CX + 152, 440, text="ШАТУН", anchor="w", fill=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold")) c.create_text(CX - 152, 500, text="КОЛЕНВАЛ", anchor="e", fill=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold")) c.create_text(CX - 152, 520, text="∅ об/мин", anchor="e", fill="#2c3f52", font=("Segoe UI", 8)) if self.fault.get(): c.create_text(CX, 316, text="СБОЙ ФАЗ ГРМ", fill=RED, font=("Segoe UI", 12, "bold")) if self.collided: c.create_rectangle(232, 216, 488, 248, fill="#2a0b0b", outline=RED, width=2) c.create_text(360, 232, text="КЛАПАН БЬЁТ ПО ПОРШНЮ", fill=RED, font=("Segoe UI", 11, "bold")) c.create_rectangle(16, 606, 704, 826, fill=PANEL, outline=EDGE, width=2) idx = int(th // 180) % 4 c.create_text(360, 644, text=STROKES[idx], fill=STROKE_COL[idx], font=("Segoe UI", 34, "bold")) c.create_text(360, 688, text=f"Угол коленвала {th:6.1f}° • {self.rpm.get():.0f} об/мин • " f"опережение зажигания {self.adv.get():.0f}°", fill=TXT, font=("Segoe UI", 12)) c.create_text(360, 712, text=f"Впускной клапан: {'ОТКРЫТ' if li > 0.02 else 'ЗАКРЫТ'} • " f"Выпускной клапан: {'ОТКРЫТ' if le > 0.02 else 'ЗАКРЫТ'}", fill=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 10)) pw = 0.32 if self.damaged else 1.0 c.create_text(360, 736, text=f"МОЩНОСТЬ {int(round(pw * 100))} %", fill=GREEN if pw > 0.9 else RED, font=("Segoe UI", 12, "bold")) c.create_rectangle(60, 752, 660, 774, fill="#0a1119", outline=EDGE) if pw > 0.02: c.create_rectangle(60, 752, 60 + 600 * pw, 774, fill=GREEN if pw > 0.9 else RED, outline="") if self.damaged: c.create_text(360, 800, text="СБОЙ ФАЗ ГАЗОРАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ: ремень ГРМ сместил фазы на 70° вперёд. " "Впускной клапан открывается слишком рано и встречается с поршнем в ВМТ — " "мощность падает, двигатель повреждён.", fill=RED, font=("Segoe UI", 9, "bold"), width=660, justify="center") else: c.create_text(360, 800, text="Фазы газораспределения в норме: клапаны открываются, когда поршень далеко " "от ВМТ, зажигание опережает ВМТ на заданный угол.", fill=DIM, font=("Segoe UI", 9), width=660, justify="center") def tick(self): try: if not self.paused.get(): self.theta = (self.theta + self.rpm.get() / 100.0) % 720.0 self.update_state() if self.dirty: self.recalc_trace() self.dirty = False self.draw_engine() self.draw_marker() except Exception as exc: if not self.err_shown: self.err_shown = True messagebox.showerror("Ошибка модели", f"{type(exc).__name__}: {exc}") self.after(16, self.tick) if __name__ == "__main__": EngineApp().mainloop()